[01] Jekinhse to megalo peirama

Eikosi eyrwpaikes xwres -metajy aytwn kai h Ellada ws idrytiko melos toy CERN apo to 1954- synebalan gia thn organwsh toy peiramatos me tis episthmonikes toys omades. Opws kaqe megalo ergo, apo thn arxikh syllhch toy stis arxes ths dekaetias toy '80 kai thn epishmh egkrish toy to 1996, mexri th shmerinh enarjh toy, perase apo "saranta kymata", apo kataskeyastikes dyskolies mexri megales yperbaseis toy arxikoy proypologismoy toy (ews tesseris fores) kai to CERN xreiasthke na daneistei ekatontades ekatommyria eyrw apo trapezes gia na oloklhrwsei to ergo.

H shmerinh prwth mera kai oi ypoloipes poy qa akoloyqhsoyn, aforoyn kyriws ton elegxo toy gigantioy ejoplismoy kai twn anagkaiwn diadikasiwn, enw h oysiastikh fash toy peiramatos, me tis sygkroyseis twn swmatidiwn, qa jekinhsei se liges ebdomades - an ola pane kala.

Opws, pantws, armozei se ena swsto episthmoniko qriler, den eleice h agwnia ths teleytaias stigmhs, kaqws mia hlektrikh kataigida panw apo ta galloelbetika synora, to apogeyma ths Deyteras, prokalese apwleia energeias se orismena cyktika systhmata, poy diathroyn toys panw apo 1.000 magnhtes yperagwgimothtas sthn tromaktikh pagwnia twn -271 baqmwn Kelsioy (konta sto apolyto mhden poy yparxei sto diasthma) sto eswteriko toy epitaxynth, omws mexri arga to brady ths Triths to problhma apokatastaqhke kai shmera to prwi h prwth aktina swmatidiwn jekinhse kanonika thn poreia ths.

Meta apo mia anamonh 40 deyteroleptwn apo th dhmioyrgia ths prwths aktinas, oi episthmones sto kentro elegxoy toy peiramatos, konta sth Geneyh, jespasan se zhtwkrayges, kaqws mia mikroskopikh lamch fwtos emfanisthke se mia oqonh ypologisth, deixnontas pws h arxikh aktina eixe hdh dianysei ta prwta 3 xlm apo ta 27 xlm toy synolikoy mhkoys toy ypogeioy kyklikoy Epitaxynth.

Sth synexeia ths prwths meras, poy htan kata bash dokimastikoy xarakthra, oi episthmones epikentrwsan thn prospaqeia toys sto na kaqodhghsoyn thn prwth aktina sto toynel, stamatwntas thn kata diasthmata gia na diorqwsoyn thn poreia ths. H prospaqeia toys stefqhke me epityxia kai h aktina ekane to gyro toy epitaxynth se ligotero apo mia wra. Apo ton Aygoysto, sta arxika test, oi episthmones eixan hdh steilei mia prwth aktina prwtoniwn xamhlhs entashs mesa ston epitaxynth, xwris omws na ayth na kanei olo to gyro twn 27 xlm toy.

Shmera, arxika stalqhke mia aktina pros mia kateyqynsh (th fora twn deiktwn toy rologioy) kai eprokeito na akoloyqhsei mia allh monh aktina se antistrofh fora. Sto ameso mellon oi dyo aktines qa staloyn taytoxrona apo antiqetes kateyqynseis gia na arxisoyn pleon oi polyanamenomenes ychlhs taxythtas kai energeias sygkroyseis twn swmatidiwn.

Peripoy 9.000 fysikoi se olo ton kosmo, se panepisthmia kai ereynhtika kentra, perimenoyn me agwnia na analysoyn ta prwta stoixeia poy qa prokyptoyn siga-siga toys epomenoys mhnes, oso qa ayjanetai stadiaka h energeiakh isxys twn peiramatwn, mexri poy h aktina prwtoniwn qa aggijei thn taxythta toy fwtos kai qa kanei to gyro twn 27 xlm toy toynel peripoy 11.000 fores mesa se ena deyterolepto, anaptyssontas stigmiaia qermokrasies mexri kai 100.000 fores megalyteres apo toy Hlioy mas kai anaparagontas piqanotata tis synqhkes ligo meta to arxiko "Mpingk Mpangk", to opoio (isws) gennhse to sympan.

Tesseris terastioi "anixneytes", poy briskontai se diaforetika shmeia toy toynel, qa anixneyoyn otidhpote endiaferon mporei na prokycei apo tis sygkroyseis aytes. Exoyn ta onomata "Atlas" (qa anazhthsei ixnh newn swmatidiwn, thn katagwgh ths mazas kai tis alles diastaseis), "Alikh" (qa melethsei thn "ygrh" morfh ths ylhs, poy kaleitai plasma koyark-gloyoniwn kai h opoia yphrxe ligo meta to Mpingk Mpangk), CMS (qa "kynhghsei" to mpozonio toy Xigks, to legomeno kai "swmatidio toy Qeoy") kai LHCb (qa prospaqhsei na lysei to mysthrio ths ejafanismenhs anti-ylhs).

"Dyo aisqhmata kyriarxoyn, h ikanopoihsh gia thn ylopoihsh enos shmantikoy ergoy, kai h elpida gia tis anakalyceis poy mas perimenoyn", dhlwse o genikos dieyqynths toy CERN, Gallos fysikos, Rompert Aimar. H piqanh anakalych toy mpozonioy toy Xigks kai o elegxos mias pleiadas episthmonikwn qewriwn (peri ypersymmetrias, skoteinhs ylhs kai skoteinhs energeias, krymmenwn diastasewn k.a.), einai merika apo ekeina poy ejaptoyn th fantasia eidikwn kai mh, alla apaiteitai ypomonh giati to peirama qa prosferei enan kataklysmo stoixeiwn kai mia apo tis kyrioteres proklhseis ths episthmonikhs koinothtas qa einai h egkairh kai orqh ermhneia twn dedomenwn toy peiramatos.

Se kaqe periptwsh, pantws, to ejezhthmeno peirama anamenetai na exei praktikes -kai qetikes gia thn koinwnia kai thn kaqhmerinothta- epiptwseis, opws sthn iatrikh (p.x. thn katapolemhsh toy karkinoy), thn katastrofh twn radienergwn apoblhtwn h thn ereyna gia tis metaboles toy klimatos.

En katakleidi, oi episthmones den apokleioyn to aproblepto. Opws dhlwse o kaqhghths toy Imperial College toy Londinoy, Jim Virdee, "h Fysh mporei na mas ekplhjei. Prepei na eimaste etoimoi na anixneysoyme otidhpote rijei sto dromo mas".

``Mporei na broyme to swmatidio toy Qeoy alla ton idio ton Qeo amfibalw''', anefere o ereynhths toy "Dhmokritoy" kai toy CERN k. Giwrgos Grammatikakhs, poy metajy allwn diatelese dyo fores prytanhs toy Panepisthmioy Krhths kai proedros toy Ionioy Panepisthmioy.

Milwntas sthn inernetikh thleorash toy APE me aformh to megalytero peirama ston kosmo, o k. Grammatikakhs anefere pws ``shmera, arxise to apokaloymeno peirama toy aiwna giati pragmatika oi diastaseis, to kostos kai o kosmos poy synergazetai jepernoyn se ena baqmo ta anqrwpina oria. To peirama ayto stoxeyei sthn anaparastash twn prwtwn stigmwn toy sympantos. Dhladh to sympan ypoqetoyme oti dhmioyrghqhke prin apo peripoy 13 disekatommyria xronia kai ayto to peirama qa dhmioyrghsei tetoies energeies sygkroysews twn prwtoniwn -poy einai basika systatika ths ylhs- oytws wste qa prosomoiazei me ekeines tis prwtes stigmes dhmioyrgias kai epomenws qa mas dwsei -elpizoyme toylaxiston- merikes shmantikes apanthseis se ekremmoynta erwthmata. Gia to xwro kai to xrono, gia to poia einai h basikh qewria toy sympantos, einai h qewria twn xordwn, einai to eniaio protypo kai thn anazhthsh orismenwn kainoyrgiwn swmatidiwn, anamesa toys einai kai ena poy eponomazetai to swmatidio toy Qeoy. Bebaia mporei na broyme to swmatidio toy Qeoy alla ton idio ton Qeo amfibalw an ton doyme pote'', tonise.

O k. Grammatikakhs yposthrije oti ``se plhrh leitoyrgia to peirama qa einai isws meta apo 2-3 mhnes kai ta prwta pragmatika apotelesmata ta perimenoyme se ena xrono apo twra. To peirama loipon arxizei shmera, arxise hdh alla h ejelijh toy qa einai makroxronia kai ypologizoyme oti qa diarkesei peri ta deka xronia kai ektos apo ta episthmonika erwthmata qa prospaqhsei na antimetwpisei kai qemata poy bebaia endiaferoyn poly perissotero ton kaqhmerino anqrwpo, opws thn katapolemhsh toy karkinoy, opws thn rypansh toy periballontos giati akribws h texnologia poy anaptyssetai se ayto to peirama einai toso ejeidikeymenh kai ajioqaymasth poy synhqws dinei thn eykairia se megales ejelijeis, se polloys tomeis ths anqrwpinhs drasthriothtas. Eimaste opws lene oi diplwmates sygkrathmena aisiodojoi, isws se 2-3 mhnes na mporoyme na poyme perissotera''.

Oso gia toys stoxoys toy peiramatos, o k. Grammatikakhs pisteyei oti einai para polloi. ``Kaneis den perimenei na petyxoyn oloi oi stoxoi kai emena proswpika me endiaferei to anapantexo. Na breqei kati poy kanenas den to perimenei giati ayto qa dhmioyrghsei pragmatiko problhmatismo, pragmatikes anatropes. Ena peirama einai petyxhmeno otan epibebaiwnei orismena pragmata alla kyriws otan anoigei toys dromoys se nea skech kai nea episthmonikh peripeteia''.

Tessera erwthmata zhtoyn apanthsh

O Megalos Epitaxynths Adroniwn qa epidiwjei na anadhmioyrghsei tis synqhkes eklyshs energeias kata tis prwtes stigmes ths dhmioyrgias toy sympantos kata th diarkeia toy Big Bang (ths Megalhs Ekrhjhs) poy pragmatopoihqhke prin apo 13,7 disekatommyria xronia, me stoxo thn epilysh tessarwn ainigmatwn ths episthmhs ths Fysikhs:

1. Aneyresh toy Mpozonioy toy Xigks (apo to onoma toy fysikoy Piter Xigks poy to proteine to 1964), swmatidio poy polloi ereynhtes exoyn melethsei, alla kaneis den exei dei. H epibebaiwsh ths yparjhs toy mesw toy peiramatos qa isodynamei me ton entopismo toy elleipontos krikoy sto kaqierwmeno montelo sto opoio basizetai h sygxronh fysikh episthmh kai to opoio ejhgei giati h ylh exei maza.

H apoysia toy qa klonisei th qewria, alla yparxoyn kai alles dynates ypoqeseis: to mpozonio toy Xigks den einai stoixeiwdes alla synqeto swmatidio, h h anagkh ths anazhthshs toy se mia allh diastash toy diasthmatos, peran twn triwn gnwstwn.

2. Diereynhsh ths ypersymmetrias, mias ennoias poy epitrepei thn ermhneia mias apo tis pio perierges anakalyceis twn teleytaiwn etwn, to symperasma oti h orath ylh den antiproswpeyei para to 4% toy sympantos. H skoteinh ylh (23%) kai h skoteinh energeia (73%) moirazontai to ypoloipo 96% ta sympantos. Mia piqanh ejhghsh einai oti h skoteinh ylh apoteleitai apo ypersymmetrika swmatidia poy onomazontai neutralinos.

3. Meleth toy mysthrioy ths ylhs kai ths anti-ylhs. Otan h energeia metatrepetai se ylh, paragei ena zeygos swmatidiwn kai to eidwlo toys, ena anti-swmatidio me antiqeto hlektriko fortio. Otan ena swmatidio kai to anti-swmatidio toy sygkroyontai, allhlokatastrefontai paragontas mia mikrh lamch energeias.

Th stigmh toy Big Bang, ylh kai anti-ylh parhxqhsan se ises posothtes. Alla to sympan den apoteleitai para mono apo ylh. Kata synepeia, poy brisketai h anti-ylh; Enas apo toys anixneytes toy Megaloy Epitaxynth Adroniwn qa anixneysei ena swmatidio poy onomazetai meson b kai apoteleitai apo ena quark b kai to didymo toy anti-ylhs.

4. Anaparastash twn synqhkwn poy epikratoysan sto sympan sta xiliosta toy deyteroleptoy poy akoloyqhsan to Big Bang. H ylh yphrxe tote ypo morfhn phxths kai zesths soypas, poy onomazetai plasma Quarks-gloyoniwn. Kata thn cyjh ths , swmatidia poy onomasqhkan quark sxhmatisan mia sympagh maza prwtoniwn, netroniwn kai allwn synqetwn swmatidiwn. O Megalos Epitaxynths qa prokalesei ena disekatommyrio sygkroyseis barewn iontwn ana deyterolepto, prokalwntas stigmiaia qermokrasies 100.000 fores ychloteres apo tis epikratoyses ston pyrhna toy Hlioy. Oi sygkroyseis qa apeleyqerwsoyn ta quark apo to periblhma toys. Oi ereynhtes qa exoyn th dynatothta na diapistwsoyn tote me poion tropo ayta ta apeleyqerwmena quark sygkolloyntai gia na sxhmatisoyn thn ylh.

[02] Syzhteitai to forologiko

To PASOK kateqese enstash antisyntagmatikothtas toy n/s, h opoia aporrifqhke apo thn kybernhtikh pleiochfia, enw kata toy nomosxedioy taxqhkan ola ta kommata ths antipoliteyshs.

H antiparaqesh toy ypoyrgoy Oikonomias & Oikonomikwn, G. Alogokoyfh me thn politikh ekproswpo toy PASOK gia qemata Oikonomias, L. Katselh, xarakthrise th deyterh mera syzhthshs sth Boylh.

O k. Alogoskoyfhs epekrine th boyleyth toy PASOK oti proteinei ektakth eisfora gia thn antimetwpish ths dieqnoys krishs. Gia diastreblwsh eirwnikhs anaforas ths ekane logo, apo thn pleyra ths, h k. Katselh.

"To PASOK bolodernei metajy toy opisqodromikoy kratismoy ths politikhs ekproswpoy toy gia thn Oikonomia kai toy aneyqynoy laikismoy toy ekproswpoy Typoy toy", eipe o k. Alogoskoyfhs kai prosqese: "H mia qelei na mas gyrisei sto telma ths dekaetias toy 1980, na apempolhsoyme tis eyrwpaikes mas ypoxrewseis kai na yioqethsoyme tritokosmikes, dhqen anaptyjiakes politikes, opws h ektakth eisfora poy proteine xqes, o de allos laikizei asystola, xwris protaseis, xwris eirmo, xwris synoxh, adeiazei thn politikh ekproswpo, otan proteinei kleisimo epixeirhsewn, alla den proteinei tipota gia thn antimetwpish twn problhmatwn ths oikonomias, enw epikaleitai ena programma-fantasma poy qa lysei ola ta problhmata xwris na qijei kanenan. Pws qa ta lysei; Me thn ektakth eisfora, poy proteine xqes to PASOK, me thn peraiterw ayjhsh twn dhmosionomikwn elleimmatwn kai ths forologias poy perilambanei to programma toy; Aytes einai oi lyseis;"

Opws eipe o ypoyrgos, "h shmerinh kybernhsh anelabe apo thn prwth stigmh tis eyqynes ths kai analambanei kai tis synepeies olwn twn epilogwn ths". Shmeiwse, de, oti asfalws qa yparjoyn epiptwseis se mia periodo paratetamenhs dieqnoys krishs, oi opoies einai oi "mikroteres dynates" kai tonise, malista, oti "oxi mono apaiteitai h synexish twn metarryqmisewn, alla akoma megalyterh entash metarryqmisewn gia na jeperasoyme ta problhmata toy shmera, toy ayrio, kai na afhsoyme pisw to xqes, opoy qeloyn na mas gyrisoyn oi ekproswpoi toy PASOK".

Zhtwntas to logo epi proswpikoy, h k. Katselh milhse peri diastreblwshs twn anaforwn ths, apo ton ypoyrgo. "Exei xasei kai thn aisqhsh ti einai eirwneia. Htan apolytws eirwnikh se sas (h anafora) kai den eixe kamia sxesh me protash PASOK, h opoia einai "jekaqarh" dieykrinise h k. Katselh, perilambanontas se ayth, th meiwsh toy forologikoy baroys sta mesaia kai mikra eisodhmata, th mh diakritikh metaxeirish forologoymenwn kok.

"Terma pia h diastreblwsh kai h anejodh kritikh. Koitajte tis protaseis mas. Exete ftasei se shmeio poy den paei allo. Allajte thn politikh sas. Ki epeidh eseis den mporeite, qa to kanei to PASOK me th nea diakybernhsh", eipe h k. Katselh.

"Ayta poy leme sth Boylh, den mporoyme na poyme oti ta legame eirwnika kai den ta ennooysame. Otan miloyme edw, eimaste sobaroi. Otan kanoyme mia protash analambanoyme kai to kostos ths", sxoliase o k. Alogoskoyfhs kai katelhje: "Katalabainw oti shmera kapoios ths trabhje to ayti".

Antapantwntas, h k. Katselh eipe oti den exei synhqisei pote sth zwh ths, oyte twra, na ths traba kaneis to ayti. "Den jerw ean kapoios trabaei to diko sas ayti, alla ayth th stigmh milame gia politikh kai gia qeseis. Na eiste pio sobaros se ayta ta zhthmata".

Nwritera, h boyleyths Epikrateias toy PASOK, poy milhse gia "politiko xarakiri" ths kybernhshs logw ths "dhmosionomikhs katarreyshs" shmeiwse oti o ethsios stoxos poy eixe ston Proypologismo htan peripoy 56 disekatommyria kai exei piasei to prwto ejamhno 23 disekatommyria (pososto kalychs 41%): "Prepei dhladh na mazecete mexri to telos toy xronoy 33 disekatommyria kai m' aytes tis ryqmiseis pisteyete oti qa parete peripoy 5 disekatommyria. Kai erwtw apla: Giati den bazate mia ektakth eisfora se oloys; Qa htan kai pio entimo kai pio dikaio".

Gia to elleimma toy proypologismoy h k. Katselh shmeiwse oti enw to PASOK eixe proeidopoihsei oti qa ayjhqei peraiterw to 2008 an h kybernhsh den labei nea forologika metra, h ND eixe apanthsei oti h dhmosionomikh ejygiansh proxwraei xwris kanena problhma kai oti h Ellada exei anaptyjiaka apoqemata kai oti den yparxei kanenas logos anhsyxias.

Xarakthrise epishs "megalo alloqi" ths kybernhshs ta peri dieqnoys krishs legontas oti an eixe kapoia sxesh qa eprepe ta esoda na eixan ayjhqei giati to onomastiko AEP (8,5%) exei ayjhqei perissotero apo ayto poy eixe san stoxo. Parallhla shmeiwse oti h ayjhsh ths timhs toy petrelaioy me th dieqnh krish ayjhse ta esoda apo FPA.

Telos, h k. Katselh epanelabe th desmeysh toy PASOK gia katarghsh olwn twn ryqmisewn toy nomosxedioy kai "gia epanafora toy aforologhtoy gia ola ta eisodhmata".

Sto metajy, o boyleyths Argolidas ths ND I. Manwlhs eqese qema "hqikhs tajews" gia thn tropopoihsh poy afora sth "genia twn 700 eyrw". Symfwna me ton k. Manwlh h arxikh desmeysh Alogoskoyfh gia ypagwgh twn eleyqerwn epaggelmatiwn poy ergazontai ws misqwtoi se enan ergodoth sto aforologhto twn 10.500 eyrw, allaje se mia "aparadekth" ryqmish poy bazei "ratsistiko" hlikiako orio sta 30 eth. "H genia twn 700 eyrw den einai mono oi neoi twn 20-25 etwn alla kai oi apolyqentes 40-45 etwn poy toys leipoyn enshma kai plhrwnontai me deltia paroxhs yphresiwn, bazontas apo thn tseph toys gia to TEBE", eipe o k. Manwlhs. "Ean qelete ws ypoyrgeio, na eiste anajiopistoi se sxesh me ayta poy eipate stoys boyleytes ths ND kai sthn armodia koinoboyleytikh epitroph, emas kaneis den mporei na mas bgalei anajiopistoys. Prwtos na bgw na sthrijw to programma ths ND, alla se kanena shmeio toy den leei oti oi twn 700 eyrw prepei na forologoyntai. Ofeilete, estw kai thn teleytaia stigmh na to allajete" synexise o k. Manwlhs kai prosqese: "Ki an nomizete oti epeidh yparxei h kommatikh syneidhsh na chfizoyme ta sobara nomosxedia, nai, alla yparxei ena hqiko zhthma den mporei na krybomaste pisw apo thn ypoxrewtikh chfo. Prepei na katalabete oti yparxei hqiko zhthma. Desmeythkate, to eipate, to katalabate, den mporei na to pairnete pisw".

Apantwntas ston k. Manwlh o paristamenos yfypoyrgos Oikonomikwn A. Mpezas eipe oti h kybernhsh den einai se kamia periptwsh anajiopisth se sxesh me ayta poy isxyristhkame apo thn arxh: "Eipame oti den einai sthn proqesh mas na epibarynqoyn ypermetra oi neoi anqrwpoi poy jekinoyn th doyleia toys, sta prwta xronia ths drasthriothtas toys". Opws dieykrinise, me to aforologhto poy ejakoloyqei na yparxei gia toys neoys eleyqeroys epaggelmaties kai emporoys ta tria prwta xronia ths drasthriothtas toys, kai me to pleon aforologhto gia neoys ews 30 etwn, ejakoloyqei h desmeysh mas oti "den qa epibarynqoyn epiprosqeta oi neoi anqrwpoi sto jekinhma ths zwhs toys".

Epishmane epishs oti "to problhma twn ergasiakwn sxesewn den lynetai me th forologikh nomoqesia. Gia thn antimetwpish toy problhmatos yparxei sxetikh nomoqesia poy problepei oti einai mh synnomes ekeines oi symbaseis ergoy poy ypokryptoyn ejarthmenh ergasia".

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